The onset of lactation, especially during the first 3 weeks, is a highly stressful phase for milk-producing animals, particularly for high-producing ruminants such as dairy cows. The critical period begins in the 3 weeks before calving and is accompanied by physiological changes that must be supported through an appropriate diet.
Blood calcium concentration in adult cattle should remain within the range of 2.1–2.5 mmol/L; however, with the onset of colostrum and milk production, it tends to decrease, reaching its lowest point 12–48 hours after calving. One of the major challenges during the transition period is the occurrence of hypocalcemia.
A distinction should be made between:
- Clinical hypocalcemia — milk fever (parturient paresis) with evident clinical signs
- Subclinical hypocalcemia — more difficult to diagnose, with no obvious clinical signs
The clinical form occurs in 2–5% of cases, while the subclinical form affects 25–50% of animals. Reducing the Dietary Cation–Anion Difference (DCAD) through the use of dietary anions has been shown to reduce the incidence of the condition by 15–25%.